Figure 4. The same forest with invasive earthworms. The understory plant community is almost gone. Also note the gap between the moss line on the tree and the leaf litter. This is due to the removal of the duff and fresh leaf litter by L. rubellus and terrestris. Our studies have documented these changes in this forest as earthworms invade from the resorts and cabins on Leech Lake. Photo Credit: Dave Hansen, University of Minnesota, Agricultural Experiment Station