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TABLE 2. FATTY ACID PROFILES OF COMMON FAT SOURCES
Fatty acid Profile Tallow Choice white grease Yellow grease Poultry fat Soybean oil
% of fatty acids
Myristic C14:0 3.1 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.0
Palmitic C16:0 25.8 23.5 17.6 23.8 11.5
Palmitoleic C16:1 4.3 3.4 2.3 9.6 0.0
Stearic C18:0 20.4 12.0 10.2 4.7 4.0
Oleic C18:1 39.1 44.3 45.9 42.9 24.5
Linoleic C18:2 2.3 10.7 20.3 16.8 53.0
Linolenic C18:3 1.3 3.1 0.9 0.9 7.0
Total % unsaturated 49.0 62.2 69.9 70.4 84.5
Total % saturated 51.0 37.8 30.1 29.6 15.5
Ratio unsat/sat 1:1 1.6:1 2.4:1 2.4:1 5.4:1
Source: National Renderers Association (1992)

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TABLE 3. SUMMARIZATION OF FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS IN DAIRY RATIONS
Vitamin Function(s) Deficiency symptoms and associated problems Common feed sources for dairy cattle
A Essential for normal vision; cellular function; and maintenance of epithelial linings of respiratory, reproductive and digestive tracts. Night blindness; skin problems; blind, dead or weak calves; reproductive problems. Carotene sources: green, leafy forages; hays; haylages (little weathering); unfrosted corn silage; synthetic A; vitamin premix; fish liver oil.
D Normal bone growth and development; absorption of calcium and phosphorus; mobilization of calcium and phosphorus. Rickets, osteomalacia. Sun-cured forages; fish liver oils; synthetic premixes.
E Antioxidant; associated with selenium. Oxidized flavor in milk; muscle problems; white muscle disease; cardiac muscle abnormalities. Alfalfa; germ of cereals; wheat germ oil; cereal grains; synthetic premixes.
K Required for blood clotting. Hemorrhaging; moldy sweet clover disease. Green, leafy forages. Ample amounts normally are synthesized in the digestive tract.

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TABLE 4. SUMMARIZATION OF MINERALS IN DAIRY RATIONS
Mineral Function(s) Deficiency symptoms and associated problems Feed sources for dairy cattle
Calcium (Ca) Bone and teeth formation; blood clotting; muscle contraction. .12% in whole milk. Rickets; slow growth and poor bone development; easily fractured bones; reduced milk yield; milk fever is a disturbance of normal calcium metabolism. Alfalfa and other legumes; ground limestone; dicalcium phosphate; steamed bone meal
Phosphorus (P) Bone and teeth formation; P is involved in energy metabolism, part of DNA and RNA. .09% in milk. Fragile bones; poor growth; low blood P (less than 4-6 mg/100 ml); depraved appetite (chewing of wood, hair and bones); poor reproductive performance. Monosodium, monoammonium and dicalcium phosphates; steamed bone meal; cereal grains; grain byproducts; oil seed meals.
Sodium (Na) Acid-base balance; muscle contraction; nerve transmission. Craving for salt; reduced appetite; if very severe: incoordination, weakness, shivering, and death. Common salt and buffer products.
Chlorine (Cl) Acid-base balance; maintenance of osmotic pressure; manufacture of hydrochloric acid in abomasum. Craving for salt; reduced appetite. Common salt and commercial supplements.
Magnesium (Mg) Enzyme activator; found in skeletal tissue and bone. Irritability; tetany; increased excitability. Magnesium oxide; forages and mineral supplements.
Sulfur (S) Rumen microbial protein synthesis, especially when nonprotein nitrogen is fed; found in cartilage, tendons, and amino acids. Slow growth; reduced milk production; reduced feed efficiency. Elemental sulfur; sodium and potassium sulfates; protein supplements; legume forages.
Potassium (K) Maintenance of electrolyte balance; enzyme activator; muscle function; nerve function. Decrease in feed intake; loss of hair glossiness; lower blood and milk potassium. Legume forages; potassium chloride; potassium sulfate.
Iodine (I) Synthesis of thyroxine (hormone). Big neck in calves; goitrogenic substances may cause deficiency. Iodized salt, trace mineralized salt and EDDI (ethylene diamine dihydroiodide).
Iron (Fe) Part of hemoglobin; part of many enzyme systems. Nutritional anemia. Forages; grains; trace mineralized salt and commercial supplements.
Copper (Cu) Needed for manufacture of hemoglobin; coenzyme. Severe diarrhea; abnormal appetite; poor growth; coarse, bleached or graying hair coat; osteomalacia. Trace mineralized salt and commercial supplements.
Cobalt (Co) Part of vitamin B12; needed or growth of rumen micro-organisms. Failure of appetite; anemia; decreased milk production; rough hair coat. Trace mineralized salt and commercial supplements.
Manganese (Mn) Growth; bone formation; enzyme activator. Delayed or decreased signs of estrus; poor conception. Trace mineralized salt and commercial supplements.
Zinc (Zn) Enzyme activator; wound healing. Decreased weight gains; lowered feed efficiency; skin problems; slow healing wounds; listlessness. Forages; trace mineralized salt, commercial supplements, and zinc methionine.
Fluorine (F) Not known if it is essential for ruminants; has been shown to be essential for laboratory animals. Maximum safe level is 30 ppm. Severe reduction in feed intake; stiffness in legs; enlarged bones. A problem with high fluorine phosphates. Rock phosphate mineral.
Selenium (Se) Functions with certain enzymes; associated with vitamin E; maintains the immune system to combat disease. White muscle disease in calves; retained placenta; improve reproductive performance; lessen subclinical mastitis. Oil meals; alfalfa; wheat; oats; corn (amount varies with content in soil); commercial supplements.
Molybdenum (Mo) Part of the enzyme, xanthine oxidase. Loss of weight; emaciation; diarrhea. Widely distributed in feeds; deficiency is rarely a problem.

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TABLE 5. WATER INTAKE FOR DAIRY CATTLE
Temperature (F)
Weight (lb) Milk (lb) 40o and below 60o 80o
gallons/day
Heifers

  200 — 2.0 2.5 3.3
  400 — 3.7 4.6 6.1
  800 — 6.3 7.9 10.6
  1200a — 8.7 10.8 14.5
Dry cowsa

  1400 — 9.7 12.0 16.2
  1600 — 10.4 12.8 17.3
Lactating cowsb

  1400 20 12.0 14.5 17.9
60 22.0 26.1 24.7
80 27.0 31.9 38.7
100 32.0 37.7 45.7
aMaintenance and milk production.
bMaintenance and pregnancy.

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